Proceeding International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engagement
The 1st International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engagement (IN-COME) 2026 is an international academic forum organized by Gerakan Edukasi. The conference responds to the increasing complexity of global challenges related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which require integrative and multidisciplinary approaches. IN-COME 2026 brings together researchers, educators, policymakers, practitioners, and industry stakeholders to exchange knowledge, present research findings, and develop collaborative strategies that contribute to sustainable and inclusive development.
The Influence of Hedonic Value, Utilitarian Value, and Creativity on Purchase Intention on TikTok Live Streaming with Customer Engagement as a Mediating Variable in Cosmetic Products
The development of digital technology has driven significant changes in consumer behavior, particularly in the process of purchasing products through live-streaming platforms like TikTok. The increasing use of TikTok as a marketing medium has been leveraged by cosmetic brands, such as Wardah, to reach young consumers in a more interactive way. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of hedonic value, utilitarian value, and creativity on consumers’ purchase intentions, with customer engagement serving as a mediating variable. This quantitative study utilizes the PLS-SEM approach and involves 150 respondents aged 17–29 residing in Semarang City who have watched Wardah's TikTok live streams. The results indicate that hedonic value and creativity have both direct and indirect effects on purchase intention, whereas utilitarian value only has an indirect effect through customer engagement. These findings emphasize the importance of creating enjoyable experiences, producing creative content, and fostering active audience engagement during live streams as an effective marketing strategy to drive consumer purchase intent.
Modeling the Open Unemployment Rate on Java Island Using Based on Influencing Factors
The open unemployment rate is a key indicator reflecting the labor market conditions of a region. Java Island, as the economic hub of Indonesia with a large population, is at risk of facing unemployment issues. This study aims to model the open unemployment rate in Java Island using truncated spline semiparametric regression with optimal knot selection based on the minimum Cross Validation (CV) value. The data used are secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the year 2024. The data cover 119 regencies/cities on Java and are divided into 80% training data and 20% testing data. The variables used in this study include the minimum wage, the percentage of the poor population, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population growth rate, and Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR). The results show that the best model was obtained using a first-order spline with two knot points, yielding a minimum CV value of 0.994062. Model evaluation shows that the training data achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.84332 and 0.964139 on the testing data, as well as a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 19.63% on the training data and 21.29% on the testing data. The coefficient of determination (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>2</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) was 63.66% for the training data and 48.88% for the testing data. The difference in values between the training and testing data indicates that the model is capable of modeling the open unemployment rate with a reasonably good level of prediction accuracy.
Evaluation of the Islamic Education Learning System Using the CIPP Model to Improve the Human Development Index (HDI) at Banjaran Public Elementary School 2, Kediri City
This study aims to analyze and evaluate the implementation of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) instruction using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, Product) as an effort to improve student quality, thereby contributing to the Human Development Index (HDI) at SDN Banjaran 2 in Kediri City. The CIPP evaluation model is a program evaluation approach developed by Stufflebeam that is oriented toward decision-making and the continuous improvement of program quality. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The research results indicate that in the context dimension, the PAI learning objectives are aligned with the institution’s vision of shaping students with religious character who can internalize Islamic values in their daily lives. In the input dimension, teacher readiness, curriculum implementation, and the availability of facilities and infrastructure are considered adequate, although there is still a need to optimize the use of learning media and strengthen parental involvement. In terms of the process dimension, learning activities took place quite effectively through the application of varied methods combined with the reinforcement of religious practices, such as reciting the Asmaul Husna, performing the Dhuha prayer, Friday lessons on femininity specifically for female students, and reciting short surahs before classes began. In the product dimension, improvements were observed in students’ cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, reflected in their religious understanding, attitudes, and worship practices. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of PAI instruction based on the CIPP model makes a significant contribution to improving student quality, particularly in supporting the educational dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI).
Stability of the Solow Model with Hicks-Neutral Technology under Capital and Human Capital Diffusion
Differences in economic growth across regions indicate that spatial interactions between physical capital and human capital may influence long-run economic dynamics. To investigate these spatial interactions, this study develops a reaction-diffusion-based Solow model incorporating Hicks-neutral technology and human capital to analyze the stability of its dynamic system. Through a detrending process, the system becomes autonomous and is expressed in terms variables per effective worker, thereby enabling a steady-state stability analysis related to a balanced growth path. Analysis results show that without diffusion, the steady state is locally stable as long as conditions of decreasing returns to scale hold. When spatial diffusion with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions is introduced, results from linearity and eigenvalue analysis indicate that the real part of all eigenvalues remains negative for all spatial modes. This implies that diffusion does not trigger either Hopf or Turing bifurcations, so no persistent spatial patterns form. Numerical simulations confirm the analytical results and illustrate the exponential decay of deviations toward the balanced growth path. These results suggest that the system remains stable despite modal diffusion and highlight the application of reaction–diffusion modeling and dynamical systems analysis as mathematical tools for studying spatial economic growth.
Stability of the Augmented Solow Model with Physical and Human Capital Diffusion
This study formulates the augmented Solow model as a two-component reaction–diffusion system, governing the spatial dynamics of physical and human capital per effective unit of labor. The analysis examines the local asymptotic stability of the positive steady state, the effect of spatial capital diffusion on stability properties, and the possibility of Turing and Hopf bifurcations under decreasing returns to scale. Stability is analyzed using linearization and Jacobian-based stability criteria, including the Routh–Hurwitz conditions, for both the non-spatial and spatial systems. The spatial Jacobian is shown to satisfy a strictly negative trace and a strictly positive determinant for all nonnegative wave numbers, confirming that the steady state remains locally asymptotically stable. Bifurcation analysis further establishes that neither Turing nor Hopf instabilities arise, demonstrating that spatial diffusion does not destabilize the balanced growth path. Numerical simulations using a forward Euler finite-difference scheme illustrate convergence of both capital variables to the steady state under simultaneous localized perturbations. These results indicate that, for initial conditions within a neighborhood of the steady state, the joint mobility of physical and human capital supports convergence toward the homogeneous balanced growth path, with each spatial mode decaying toward the steady state, while decreasing returns to scale prevent persistent spatial disparities and oscillatory behavior.
Dynamics of Solow-Spatial Model with Capital-Augmenting Technology and Human Capital
This paper investigates the dynamics of a spatial Solow growth model incorporating capital-augmenting technology and human capital. We establish that the economically relevant steady state remains locally asymptotically stable under spatial diffusion. Furthermore, our stability and bifurcation analysis shows that the system does not exhibit Turing or Hopf bifurcations, as the determinant of the spatial Jacobian remains strictly positive for all wave numbers (p ≥0). Consequently, spatial diffusion consistently acts to smooth out regional disparities over time, driving the system towards a uniform steady state without being constrained by a specific diffusion-ratio threshold.
Deep Learning Management in Education: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical and Theoretical Studies
This article discusses deep learning management in education through meta-analysis of empirical and theoretical studies with a qualitative approach based on literature studies. The urgency of this research arises from the need to improve the quality of the learning process that is able to develop students' critical understanding, creativity, and high-level thinking skills. The methods used include the collection and selection of relevant literature from various international databases, thematic analysis, and qualitative synthesis of the results of previous research that discuss the concepts, strategies, and implementation of deep learning management. The findings show that deep learning management is effective when it integrates a holistic, collaborative, and reflective approach, as well as makes adaptive use of technology. In addition, educational leadership and teacher training are key factors in optimizing the implementation of deep learning. The study also identified challenges such as resistance to change and resource constraints that need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of these practices. In conclusion, deep learning management is an important pillar in educational transformation centered on developing learners' cognitive and affective capacities, and requires a clear framework and systemic support from all stakeholders.
Analysis of Water Acidity Levels on the Presence of Aedes aegypti Larvae in Pampang Village, Panakkukang District, Makassar City
Water pH is an important chemical parameter that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water and can influence biological processes in aquatic environments, including mosquito breeding. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between water pH levels and the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae in household water storage containers. This research employed a quantitative observational design with a descriptive-analytic approach. A total of 99 households in Pampang Village, Panakkukang District, Makassar City were selected using simple random sampling. Data collection included direct observation of larvae presence and measurement of water pH using a calibrated pH meter. The results showed that 45 houses (45.5%) were positive for Aedes aegypti larvae, while 54 houses (54.5%) were negative. Most water storage containers had alkaline pH (77.8%), while 22.2% were acidic. Larvae were predominantly found in alkaline water (88.9%). Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between water pH and larval presence (p = 0.015). The odds ratio (OR) indicated that alkaline water increased the risk of larval presence. In conclusion, water pH is significantly associated with the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Community-based interventions focusing on water quality monitoring and regular cleaning of water storage containers are recommended.
The Role of Asah-Asih-Asuh Parenting as Preventive Strategy for Adolescent Identity Diffusion
Adolescent development is a crucial period because individuals are in the process of forming their identities. During this phase, a lack of optimal parenting support can increase the risk of identity diffusion. Identity diffusion is a condition in which individuals are unable to consistently integrate their values, goals, and roles, which can potentially hinder psychosocial development. An approach to parenting considered relevant in supporting identity formation is the Asah-Asih-Asuh concept, which emphasizes cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and behavioral guidance. This study aims to examine the role of Asah-Asih-Asuh as a preventive strategy against identity diffusion in adolescents. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA guidelines, by analyzing scientific articles from Google Scholar published between 2016 and 2026. The findings indicate that parenting characterized by guidance (asah), affection (asih), and care (asuh) plays a significant role in supporting adolescent identity development and reducing identity diffusion. This study highlights the importance of culturally grounded parenting approaches and identifies research gaps for future studies. Thus, strengthening the concept of Asah-Asih-Asuh can support adolescents during their developmental period as a preventive strategy against identity diffusion and strengthen the role of adaptive parenting.
Sustainability-Driven Accounting Practices and SME Performance: The Role of Environmental Management Accounting and Accounting Information Systems in Medan, Indonesia
This study examines the influence of sustainability-driven accounting practices on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Medan, Indonesia. Specifically, it investigates the roles of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) and Accounting Information Systems (AIS), as well as the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty. This research addresses the limited adoption of sustainability-oriented accounting practices among SMEs and their implications for business performance. A quantitative approach was employed using primary data collected through structured questionnaires distributed to SME owners and accounting personnel in Medan. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test both direct and moderating effects among variables.The results indicate that EMA has a positive and significant effect on SME performance, suggesting that effective management of environmental costs and resources contributes to improved business outcomes. In contrast, AIS does not show a significant effect, indicating that the current level of system adoption among SMEs is not sufficient to enhance performance. Environmental uncertainty is found to have a significant positive effect on performance; however, its moderating role is not supported. This study concludes that sustainability-driven accounting practices, particularly EMA, play a crucial role in improving SME performance, while the effectiveness of AIS depends on the level of implementation and utilization. The findings provide practical insights for SME managers and policymakers in promoting sustainable accounting practices.
The Role of Education in Promoting Sustainable Human Development: A Qualitative Study of ESD Programmes in Indonesia
This study aims to examine the role of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in promoting sustainable human development in Indonesia, particularly through its implementation in pilot schools in East Java. The research focuses on understanding how ESD contributes to students’ competencies, awareness, and ethical values while addressing existing challenges in its application. This research employs a qualitative approach using a multiple case study design. Data were collected from 15 participants, including teachers, headteachers, and ESD facilitators from three pilot schools in East Java. Techniques included in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo software to identify key patterns and themes. The findings reveal that ESD significantly enhances students’ environmental awareness, collaborative skills, and ethical values through project-based and community-based learning approaches. Students demonstrated behavioral changes such as waste management practices and increased participation in sustainability initiatives. Additionally, ESD fosters 21st-century skills, including critical thinking and problem-solving. However, implementation is constrained by several factors, including limited teacher training, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of standardized guidelines. School leadership plays a crucial role in supporting ESD through policy and resource allocation, while community involvement strengthens its broader impact. Overall, ESD serves as an effective catalyst for sustainable human development despite structural challenges. This study offers a contextual qualitative model of ESD implementation in Indonesia by integrating global ESD frameworks with local values such as Pancasila and the Merdeka Curriculum. It provides empirical evidence from post-pandemic educational settings and proposes a scalable model for national policy development, addressing gaps in qualitative ESD research in developing countries.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe₃O₄–SiO₂-Based Ion Imprinted Polymer
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of an ion imprinted polymer (IIP) based on Fe₃O₄–SiO₂ using a surface imprinting approach. The material was designed to combine the advantages of magnetic separation, structural stability, and selective recognition properties. The synthesis involved the preparation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles via co-precipitation, followed by SiO₂ coating through a sol–gel process. Surface modification was carried out to introduce polymerizable groups, and polymerization was conducted using methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator. The structural characteristics of the synthesized material were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). XRD results confirmed that the crystalline structure of Fe₃O₄ was preserved after silica coating and polymerization. FTIR analysis indicated the successful formation of Si–O–Si bonds and the presence of functional groups associated with the polymer matrix. SEM images revealed irregular and aggregated particle morphology, while EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Fe, Si, O, and C elements. These findings confirm the successful formation of a Fe₃O₄–SiO₂-based ion imprinted polymer with a well-defined core–shell structure and functional polymer layer. Furthermore, the synthesized material shows strong potential for selective adsorption and separation of lanthanum ions, making it a promising candidate for rare earth element recovery applications.
Revisiting Porter’s Five Forces in the Digital Era: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the competitive landscape, characterized by the emergence of platform-based business models, network effects, and increasingly blurred industry boundaries. In this context, the classical framework of Porter’s Five Forces, introduced by Michael E. Porter, remains widely used to analyze industry structure and competitive intensity. However, its relevance in the digital era has been increasingly questioned. This study aims to critically examine the limitations of Porter’s Five Forces in explaining modern competitive dynamics using a literature review approach. Data were collected from reputable academic sources, including Scopus-indexed international journals, and analyzed through a comparative-critical method. The findings reveal several key limitations of the model, including its static nature, lack of integration of technological and innovation factors, inability to capture platform dynamics and network effects, and its reliance on increasingly irrelevant industry boundary assumptions (Bharadwaj et al., 2013; Jacobides et al., 2018; Teece, 2018). Furthermore, the model tends to emphasize competition over strategic collaboration, which has become a crucial element in the digital economy. This study concludes that while Porter’s Five Forces retains conceptual value as a foundational analytical tool, its standalone application is insufficient to capture the complexity of competition in the digital era. Therefore, integrating this framework with more adaptive and contemporary strategic approaches is essential.
Computational Thinking Skills in Exponential Functions using GeoGebra-assisted Problem-Based Learning
This study aims to describe senior high school students' Computational Thinking (CT) skills in exponential function material through GeoGebra-assisted Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Computational thinking is an essential 21st-century skill, yet Indonesian students' mathematical literacy remains low. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method, involving 33 students of class XII IPA 2 at MAN 1 Banyuasin as subjects. Data were collected through CT skill tests, observations, and semi-structured interviews. The CT indicators analyzed included decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking. The results showed that the majority of students (25 students) were in the "moderate" category, while 3 students reached the “high” category, and 5 students were in the “low” category. Students in the high category successfully fulfilled all four CT indicators. In contrast, students in the moderate and low categories faced significant difficulties in the abstraction and algorithmic thinking stages. GeoGebra played a crucial role as a dynamic visualization tool that helped students bridge abstract exponential concepts to concrete visual forms and served as a self-verification tool for their algorithmic solutions. The integration of GeoGebra in PBL provides a structured environment for students to develop systematic problem-solving strategies
Integer Eigenvectors and Subeigenvectors in Min-Plus Algebra
We study integer eigenvectors and subeigenvectors in min-plus algebra by adapting theoretical results from max-plus algebra. Min-plus algebra is a commutative semiring with addition <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>a</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>b</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:func><m:funcPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:funcPr><m:fName><m:r>min</m:r></m:fName><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>a</m:r><m:r>,</m:r><m:r>b</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:e></m:func></m:oMath><![endif]--> and multiplication <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>a</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊗</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>b</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>a</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>b</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . An eigenvector of a matrix <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>A</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> with respect to a scalar <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>λ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a vector <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> satisfying the equation <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>A</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊗</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>x</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>λ</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊗</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Similarly, a subeigenvector of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>A</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> with respect to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>λ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a vector <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> satisfying the inequality <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>A</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊗</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>x</m:r><m:r>≥</m:r><m:r>λ</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>⊗</m:r><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . In this paper, we focus on solutions where these vectors consist entirely of integers. We first provide the exact mathematical criteria for integer subeigenvectors to exist. We show that this existence depends on the principal eigenvalue of a scaled and rounded matrix, which is determined by the minimum average circuit weight of its associated graph. If the condition is satisfied, we can explicitly describe the complete set of these subeigenvectors. Secondly, we establish that an integer eigenvector can only correspond to the principal eigenvalue of the matrix. Finally, we demonstrate that determining an integer eigenvector is equivalent to finding an integer image in a column space, which can be solved using an iterative algorithm.
Initiating Islamic Education Innovation to Enhance Institutional Competitiveness: A Multisite Study at MAN 2 Tulungagung and MAN 2 Kediri
This study aims to analyze the initiation stage of Islamic education innovation in enhancing institutional competitiveness through a multisite study at MAN 2 Tulungagung and MAN 2 Kediri, Indonesia. The initiation phase is a strategic starting point that includes problem identification, awareness building, attitude formation, and decision-making toward innovation implementation. This research employs a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña with triangulation to ensure trustworthiness. The findings indicate that the initiation of innovation in both madrasahs is driven by benchmarking activities, internal discussions, and the awareness of improving educational quality in response to contemporary challenges. The innovation is initiated through the development of talent- and interest-based curricula aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum, supported by psychometric assessments to map students’ potential. In addition, teacher capacity is strengthened through continuous training and the adoption of differentiated learning approaches. MAN 2 Tulungagung initiates innovation through the establishment of specialized classes and digital administrative systems, while MAN 2 Kediri emphasizes a holistic approach integrating intracurricular, cocurricular, and extracurricular programs under the “red carpet” philosophy. These initiatives contribute to improving student achievement, institutional branding, and overall competitiveness. In conclusion, the initiation stage plays a crucial role in shaping sustainable innovation by integrating intellectual, spiritual, and character development, thereby strengthening the competitiveness of Islamic educational institutions.
The Effectiveness of The Book “Because I Also Learn” As A Medium to Strengthen The Character of Responsibility
Pancasila Education Learning still faces challenges in strengthening the character of students, especially in the aspects of personal and social responsibility. The dominance of cognitive approaches causes character values to not be optimally internalized in real behavior. In fact, character education emphasizes the integration of moral knowing, moral feeling, and moral action as a unit of behavior formation. Therefore, innovative educational media such as the book "Because I Also Learn" is needed that is able to present reflective and contextual learning. This study uses a mixed method approach with a sequential explanatory design to analyze the effectiveness of books as an educational medium in strengthening character. Quantitative data was obtained through questionnaires to students to measure media use, student response, and the level of character strengthening. Furthermore, qualitative data was collected through interviews with students and teachers to deepen the learning experience and reflection on the values that emerged during the use of books. The analysis was carried out descriptively and interpretively by integrating quantitative and qualitative findings. This approach is in line with previous research that emphasizes the importance of contextual learning strategies in civics education. The results of the study show that the book "Because I Also Learn" is effective in strengthening the character of students. This media promotes value understanding, reflective awareness, and responsibility in daily life. Thus, virtue books can be a learning strategy that is able to bridge the gap between knowledge and value practice holistically.
The Evolution of Strategic Management Theory: A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Strategic Leadership
The increasing complexity of the global business environment driven by digital disruption, globalization, and economic uncertainty has fundamentally challenged the explanatory capacity of established strategic management theories. Since the 1960s, the field has evolved from corporate planning and industrial organization perspectives toward more dynamic approaches, including the resource-based view (RBV), knowledge-based view (KBV), dynamic capabilities, and digital ecosystem strategies. However, this theoretical progression remains fragmented, particularly in its limited ability to account for the role of leadership as an integrative force in strategy formulation and execution. This study aims to critically examine the evolution of strategic management theory from 1960 to 2025 and to identify its key conceptual limitations in explaining how strategic direction is shaped and coordinated. Using a systematic literature review based on a PRISMA-guided chronological approach, this study synthesizes major theoretical developments and evaluates their underlying assumptions. The findings reveal a persistent bias toward explaining “what firms possess” and “how firms compete,” while neglecting “who directs strategy” and “how strategic integration is achieved.” This gap leads to an incomplete understanding of strategic adaptation in complex environments. As a novel contribution, this study proposes the Strategic Leadership-Based Dynamic Ecosystem (SLDE) framework, which reconceptualizes strategic leadership as the central mechanism that integrates dynamic capabilities, knowledge resources, and digital ecosystems. By explicitly positioning leadership as the core driver of strategic coherence and adaptability, this study offers a more integrative perspective that extends existing theory and provides a clearer foundation for future research in strategic management.
Needs Analysis for Infusing Green Chemistry into the Analytical Chemistry Micro-Curriculum to Enhance Enviromental Literacy of Pharmacy Students
This study aims to analyze the need for developing a micro-curriculum for the Analytical Chemistry course that integrates green chemistry competencies to enhance environmental literacy among pharmacy students. A descriptive approach was employed using survey and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods involving 243 students, analytical chemistry lecturers, and the head of the study program. The results indicate that Analytical Chemistry learning remains focused on technical aspects and has not optimally incorporated environmental issues. A total of 65.43% of students considered the material to be not comprehensive, 72.43% reported that environmental impacts were rarely discussed, and 68.72% indicated a lack of emphasis on environmentally friendly chemicals. Students’ understanding of green chemistry was also low, with 81.1% reporting limited exposure and 70% lacking understanding of waste prevention. However, 70.8% of students demonstrated high environmental awareness, yet 60.5% of students did not adequately understand analytical chemical waste management principles and 63.0% exhibited behaviors that were not in accordance with proper waste disposal procedures. These findings indicate a discrepancy between the affective aspect (awareness) and the cognitive and psychomotor aspects (knowledge and behavior). The FGD findings revealed that green chemistry competencies have not been explicitly integrated into the curriculum and are not supported by institutional policies. Therefore, the development of a micro-curriculum that systematically integrates green chemistry competencies is necessary to improve students’ environmental literacy.
The Influence of the Humanist-Based Student Management Model on Student Discipline in Private High Schools Under the Don Bosco KAM Foundation
This study aims to examine the effect of a humanistic-based student management model on improving students’ discipline in private senior high schools under the Don Bosco Catholic Education Foundation in Medan. The study was motivated by the need to enhance students’ discipline, which is often still externally driven and not yet fully internalized as personal awareness. This research employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental design, specifically the pretest–posttest control group design. The sample consisted of two groups: an experimental group that received treatment through the humanistic-based student management model and a control group that was taught using conventional management methods. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire measuring students’ discipline and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent sample t-test. The results showed that the experimental group achieved a higher mean score compared to the control group. Statistical analysis revealed that the significance value was less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. This finding confirms that the humanistic-based student management model has a positive and significant effect on improving students’ discipline. In conclusion, the implementation of a humanistic approach in student management is more effective than conventional methods in fostering students’ discipline. This approach not only enhances compliance but also promotes internal awareness, responsibility, and self-regulation among students.
Analysis of Hindu–Islam Community Relations in Batu Gambir and Their Influence on Socio-Economic Structure as a Source for Developing Social Studies Learning in Junior High School
This study analyzes the dynamics of interreligious relations between the Hindu and Muslim communities in Batu Gambir, Julah Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency, Bali. The focus of this research lies in understanding how the social, spiritual, and moral-economic practices of the community create sustainable social harmony and how these conditions can be utilized as a source for developing Social Studies (IPS) learning in Junior High Schools (SMP). This study employs a qualitative approach with an interpretive ethnographic method. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The findings indicate that social harmony in Batu Gambir is formed through symbolic interactions involving interreligious rituals, trust-based economic cooperation, and adaptive local leadership. The local social structure and spirituality function as cohesive mechanisms that reinforce interreligious solidarity. These values hold high relevance for social studies education, particularly in fostering multicultural awareness, tolerance, and a spirit of mutual cooperation among students.
Explaining Eco-label Cafés Behavioral Intention Through Green Skepticism, Perceived Value, and Attitude
As sustainable consumption gains traction in the food and beverage industry, understanding the elements that drive customer interaction with ecologically responsible service providers becomes increasingly critical. This study investigates the factors influencing behavioral intention for eco-label cafés in Indonesia by including green skepticism, perceived value, and attitude. A quantitative approach was used, with survey data collected from 100 respondents familiar with eco-label cafés. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to determine the impacts of green skepticism, green perceived value, and green attitude on behavioral intention. The model explains a significant share of variance in behavioral intention. Green perceived value and green attitude have a considerable beneficial effect on behavioral intention, with green attitude emerging as the most powerful predictor. In contrast, green skepticism has a negative but statistically negligible effect. The findings imply that eco-label café owners should prioritize increasing green perceived value and cultivating green attitudes through meaningful customer experiences and sustainability-driven communication methods, rather than focusing solely on decreasing consumer mistrust or skepticism. This study adds to the green marketing literature by applying psychological-behavioral theory to the eco-label café context and demonstrating that positive drivers, such as perceived value and attitude, outweigh negative perceptions when shaping behavioral intention in an emerging market.
Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability of Grade X Students on Trigonometry Through Problem Based Learning with Plotagon-Based Animation Media
This research aims to describe the mathematical problem-solving abilities of tenth-grade students on trigonometry material thru the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by Plotagon-based animation media. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The subjects of this study are 23 tenth-grade students from SMA Negeri 1 Indralaya Utara in the even semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. Data collection was conducted thru a written test consisting of one contextual problem with six essay questions referring to Polya's indicators (1973), a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Student Worksheet (LKPD) completed in groups, and semi-structured interviews with three selected subjects. Problem-solving ability is measured based on four Polya indicators: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. The research results show that students' mathematical problem-solving abilities overall fall into the moderate category with an average score of 72.46. The category distribution indicates 5 students in the high category and 18 students in the moderate category, with no students in the low category. The average achievement per indicator is: understanding the problem 72.66 (medium), making a plan 76.16 (medium), executing the plan 68.12 (medium), and checking back 69.57 (medium). The combination of PBL and Plotagon animation media has proven effective in building students' contextual understanding, but individual procedural skills and explicit verification habits still need to be strengthened.
Molecular Docking Analysis of Bioactive Constituents Identified by GC-MS from Coprinus comatus as α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health concern characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and progressive metabolic dysfunction. One therapeutic strategy for controlling postprandial blood glucose involves inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, particularly α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Natural products have gained increasing attention as potential enzyme inhibitors with improved safety profiles. Coprinus comatus, an edible mushroom, contains diverse bioactive constituents that may contribute to antidiabetic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of compounds identified by GC–MS from Coprinus comatus against α-amylase and α-glucosidase through molecular docking analysis. Seven compounds were selected: Methoxypromazine, Stepharinosine, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, Methylzinc propoxide, 2,4-Pentadienoic acid, 2-Hexenedioic acid, and Benzenesulfonamide, 2,4-dichloro-3-methyl-N-(3-pyridyl). Docking simulations were performed using the crystal structures of α-amylase (PDB ID: 1HNY) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 2ZE0). Acarbose was used as a reference inhibitor. Binding affinity values were calculated to assess ligand–protein interactions. The results demonstrated that acarbose exhibited binding affinities of −6.9 kcal/mol toward 1HNY and −7.0 kcal/mol toward 2ZE0. Among the identified compounds, Stepharinosine showed the strongest interaction with both targets, with binding affinities of −7.5 kcal/mol for α-amylase and −8.8 kcal/mol for α-glucosidase, exceeding the reference drug. Other compounds displayed moderate to weak binding energies. These findings suggest that Stepharinosine is a promising dual inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and may contribute to the antidiabetic potential of C. comatus. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to validate these computational predictions.
Innovation and Government Support for SME Performance in Lake Toba’s Halal Culinary
This study aims to analyze the impact of innovation capability and government support on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the halal culinary industry in the Lake Toba destination. As a Super Priority Tourist Destination in Indonesia, Lake Toba requires a robust SME sector to support its muslim-friendly tourism development. The research focuses on how internal capabilities, specifically innovation, combined with external institutional support, can drive business growth and community-based economic empowerment. The methodology employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey-based descriptive and explanatory research design. Data were collected from halal culinary SME owners across the Lake Toba region. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through SmartPLS was utilized to analyze the relationships between variables. The results indicate that innovation capability significantly enhances SME performance, enabling businesses to adapt to the competitive tourism market. Furthermore, government support plays a crucial role as a moderator, strengthening the positive effect of innovation on business outcomes. These findings suggest that the synergy between proactive innovation from entrepreneurs and strategic intervention from the government is essential for business resilience. In conclusion, empowering MSMEs through targeted innovation and policy support is vital for creating a sustainable community-based economy. This study provides practical implications for policymakers to enhance technical assistance and infrastructure to foster a more competitive halal culinary sector, ultimately supporting the local economic growth of Lake Toba as a premier international destination.
Evaluating the Impact of Rice Field Well Assistance Programs on Rural Economic Development: An Islamic Economic Perspective
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the rice field well assistance program in improving the economic conditions of the rural community of Kepoh Village from an Islamic economic perspective. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to capture the experiences, perceptions, and socio-economic changes felt by the community after the program's implementation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the village head, beneficiary farmers, and non-farmer community members, supplemented by direct observation. The theoretical framework used in this study includes agricultural development theory, the concept of food security, and the principles of Islamic economics, particularly the profit-sharing mechanism through the muzara'ah contract. The results of the study show that the rice field well assistance program has contributed positively to increased agricultural productivity, stable farmer incomes, and water availability for irrigation. This program enables farmers to increase planting intensity and reduce dependence on seasonal rainfall, which in turn supports local economic resilience. From an Islamic economic perspective, this program is in line with the principles of justice ('adl), mutual cooperation (ta'awun), and public interest (maslahah). The application of profit-sharing mechanisms through muzara'ah practices further strengthens fair economic relations between landowners and farmers. Therefore, the rice field well assistance program not only provides technical benefits but also supports inclusive and sustainable rural economic development based on Islamic values.
Effect of Back Pressure Chamber Size on Scroll Expander Flow Behavior
This study investigates the influence of back pressure chamber size on the discharge flow dynamics of a scroll expander in an Organic Rankine Cycle system. The objective is to analyze how variations in chamber volume affect pressure characteristics and flow structures at different crank angles. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of three models with increasing chamber sizes: 260 mm, 300 mm, and 340 mm. The results demonstrate that increasing the back pressure chamber size leads to a consistent reduction in average pressure in both the discharge chamber and outlet. For instance, at a 0° crank angle, the average pressure decreases from 126,175 Pa in Model 1 to 95,466 Pa in Model 3. This pressure reduction is most pronounced during the early discharge phase between 0° and 90° crank angles. However, the relationship with flow stability is non-linear. The intermediate chamber size promotes stronger vortex formation due to higher discharge velocities and localized pressure differences, whereas the largest chamber reduces vortex intensity, thereby improving flow stability. The study concludes that back pressure chamber size is a determining factor in scroll discharge dynamics. Larger chamber configurations effectively reduce pressure levels, although intermediate sizes may induce unfavorable flow instabilities. These findings provide important insights for optimizing expansion devices in waste heat recovery applications.
Students’ Perceptions of Islamic Banking: Evidence from MTA Students in Surakarta
This study aims to examine the perceptions of students of the Al-Qur'an Interpretation Council (MTA) towards Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) and the factors that influence them, using a qualitative approach through interviews. The results show that perceptions of Islamic banks are strongly influenced by religious factors (as an effort to avoid usury) and direct guidance from the central leadership of MTA (Ustaz Nur Kholid Syifaullah). However, there is a dynamic between religious idealism and practical needs. MTA members utilize BSI for national-scale transactions (such as donations and infaq) because the internal cooperative is not yet able to accommodate these needs, although some students and MTA members still have limited understanding of Sharia contracts and are skeptical of claims of full Sharia compliance. These findings emphasize the importance of strengthening Sharia financial literacy and education among students in religious communities.
Analysis of Cangkal Cultural Values in the Banjar Community towards Financial Literacy (Earning, Spending, Saving, and Donating) of Generation Alpha in Schools
Financial literacy among students in Indonesia is still relatively low, especially among adolescents. One factor that potentially influences financial literacy is the local culture that develops within the community. This study aims to analyze the influence of Banjarese cultural values in Cangkal on the financial literacy dimensions of the Alpha generation, including the ability to earn, spend, save, and donate. This study used a quantitative approach, a survey method, and analyzed the data using Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The study sample comprised 422 junior high school students from Banjarmasin City and Barito Kuala Regency. The results of the study indicate that the cultural values of cangkal have a positive and significant effect on all dimensions of financial literacy, namely the ability to earn (β = 0.746; p < 0.001), spend (β = 0.600; p < 0.001), save (β = 0.607; p < 0.001), and donate (β = 0.765; p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that the model has an explanatory ability in the moderate to strong range. These findings indicate that internalization of local cultural values, particularly the value of cangkal, which reflects persistence and perseverance, plays a significant role in shaping students' financial literacy behavior. This research contributes to the development of local culturally based financial literacy as a contextual approach in education.
Hospital Business Strategy: A Systematic Literature Review
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: DengXian; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The global hospital industry is undergoing significant transformation due to increased competition, accelerated digitalization, and rising patient expectations, who are increasingly viewed as active consumers of healthcare services. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, telemedicine, and integrated electronic medical record systems have transformed the way healthcare organizations create value, deliver services, and maintain operational performance. In this evolving environment, hospitals are required to adopt effective business strategies to balance clinical excellence and financial sustainability. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of strategic management in the healthcare sector, existing research remains fragmented and lacks a comprehensive synthesis of hospital business strategy. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review of academic research on hospital business strategy to identify key research trends, classify strategic approaches, and determine key factors influencing the success of strategy implementation in healthcare organizations. This study uses a systematic literature review method with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach. The articles analyzed are peer-reviewed publications from 2018–2025 obtained from major international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The research results show that hospital business strategies can be classified into five main approaches: operational efficiency strategies, service differentiation strategies, digital transformation strategies, patient-centered strategies, and strategic collaboration strategies. Furthermore, the successful implementation of these strategies is strongly influenced by leadership capabilities, digital technology adoption, organizational culture, patient satisfaction, and effective financial management. This research contributes to academic research by structuredly mapping the literature on hospital business strategy and identifying future research directions related to the integration of artificial intelligence, digital health strategy development, and sustainability in healthcare management. Practically, the findings provide strategic insights for hospital managers in enhancing long-term organizational competitiveness and resilience.